What Happens if Two Balls Collide in Golf?

It’s one of those heart-stopping moments in golf: you flush an iron shot, it sails beautifully toward the green, and then… thwack. Your ball lands and careers sideways after hitting your playing partner’s ball. What now? This article breaks down exactly what happens and what you need to do when two balls collide, covering all the common scenarios you’ll face on the course. We’ll go through the rules for both stroke play and match play, with a special look at what changes when the collision happens on the putting green.

The Golden Rule: Play It As It Lies (Usually)

Before we get into specific situations, let's start with the foundational principle that governs most ball collisions in golf. Under Rule 11.1 (Ball in Motion Accidentally Hits Person or Outside Influence), when your ball in motion accidentally hits any outside influence, including another ball at rest, it's typically treated as a "rub of the green."

This means a few simple things:

• There is no penalty. You didn't do anything wrong, it was just bad luck (or good luck, depending on the bounce!).
• You must play your ball from where it comes to rest. You don't get a do-over. Wherever your ball ends up after the collision is its new spot.

This basic rule covers the majority of scenarios you’ll encounter. However, the details diverge based on where the collision happens and the format of play. Let’s walk through the most common situations.

Scenario 1: Your Ball Hits Another Ball in the General Area

The "general area" is golf-speak for anywhere on the course that isn't the teeing area of the hole you are playing, the penalty areas, any bunkers, or the putting green of the hole you are playing. This is, essentially, the fairway and the rough.

Let's paint a picture: You're playing a par 4 and your buddy hits his drive a bit short, leaving it in the middle of the fairway. You step up and hit a great shot, but it lands just short of his ball and rolls right into it, sending your ball ricocheting into the right rough.

Here’s the step-by-step procedure:

1. Your Ball (The one that was moving): You find your ball in the right rough. That's your new spot. It might be a worse lie, it might be a better one, but you must play it as it lies. There is no penalty to you.
2. The Other Player's Ball (The one at rest): The ball that you hit must be put back. Your playing partner must replace their ball on its original spot. If you or they can't agree on the exact spot, you estimate it to the best of your ability. There is no penalty to your playing partner.

This rule applies equally in both stroke play and match play. It’s simple, fair, and keeps the game moving.

Scenario 2: Chipping from Off the Green, Your Ball Hits a Ball on the Green

This is a common variation. Imagine your approach shot barely misses the green, landing on the fringe. Your friend is already on the putting surface but hasn't marked their ball yet. You decide to chip it, and your ball rolls out, bumping into their ball before settling a few feet past the hole.

Does the location of the other ball - being on the putting green - change anything? In this case, no.

Because your stroke was made from off the putting green (the general area), the standard rule still applies:

• You: No penalty. Play your ball where it came to rest.
• Your Friend: No penalty. They must replace their ball on its original spot.

The location of your stroke is what matters here. As long as you weren't on the putting green when you hit the shot, hitting another ball (even one on the green) falls under the general "rub of the green" ruling.

The Major Exception: Collisions on the Putting Green

This is where things change dramatically and where golfers most often get confused. The putting green has its own set of rules because of the precision required and the etiquette of marking your ball to give others a clear line.

Let's say you're on the green, lining up a 20-foot birdie putt. Your playing partner's ball is also on the green, directly in your path. You ask if they want to mark, they decline, and you go ahead and putt. Your ball rolls along, strikes their ball, and deflects away from the hole.

What happens next depends entirely on the format you are playing.

On the Green in Stroke Play

In stroke play, if you make a stroke from the putting green and your ball hits another ball that is also at rest on the putting green, you receive a two-stroke penalty. Ouch.

Let’s break that down:

• You get the general penalty (two strokes) added to your score for that hole.
• Your stroke still counts.
• You play your ball from where it came to rest after the collision.
• The player whose ball you hit must replace it on its original spot without penalty.

Why the penalty? In stroke play, you are competing against the entire field, not just one opponent. The rule is in place to encourage players to be diligent about getting balls marked on the green. It prevents a player from carelessly (or strategically) using another ball as a "backstop" and protects the field from situations where one ball might interfere with another.

On the Green in Match Play

In match play, the situation is completely different. If you make a stroke from the putting green and hit your opponent's ball, which is also at rest on the green, there is no penalty to anyone.

What happens instead is quite interesting:

• The stroke is played and cannot be replayed.
• You play your ball from where it comes to rest.
• Your opponent has a choice: They can either play their ball from its new position (where it was knocked to) or they can replace it on its original spot.

Why no penalty? Match play is a direct head-to-head contest. If you accidentally provide your opponent with a better lie or-line by hitting their ball, that's your problem, not theirs. Conversely, if you disrupt their position, they have the right to restore it. This introduces a small element of strategy and acknowledges the one-on-one nature of the game.

It's all about fairness between the two opponents rather than protecting a wider field of competitors.

What if Both Golf Balls Are Moving?

While extremely rare, it’s not impossible for two balls in motion to collide. For example, two players on adjacent holes might hit their shots at the same time, and the balls could strike each other in mid-air. It's a "one in a million" shot, but what would you do?

Rule 11.1 covers this neatly. If your ball in motion hits another ball in motion, there is no penalty to either player. You both simply play your balls from where they came to rest. It’s a pure accident, and the game proceeds.

Quick-Reference Table: Ball Collisions at a Glance

To help all this sink in, here’s a simple table summarizing the rules:

Situation Penalty? "Your" Ball (That Was Moving) "Other" Ball (That Was at Rest) Stroke from General Area, Hits Ball in General Area No penalty Play it as it lies Replace on original spot Stroke from Off Green, Hits Ball on Green No penalty Play it as it lies Replace on original spot Stroke from Putting Green, Hits Ball on Green (Stroke Play)You get a two-stroke penalty Play it as it lies Replace on original spot Stroke from Putting Green, Hits Ball on Green (Match Play) No penalty Play it as it lies Opponent chooses: play as it lies or replace

Final Thoughts

The rules around colliding golf balls might seem complicated at first, but they boil down to a simple framework. The default is 'no penalty, play it as it lies,' with the one major outlier being when two balls hit each other on the putting green during a stroke play competition. Remember that, and you'll navigate almost every situation correctly and with confidence.

Knowing these subtle rulings takes practice, and it’s not always easy to recall them under pressure on the course. What I find helpful in those moments is an instant resource you can trust. Tools like Caddie AI are phenomenal for this. Instead of a tense debate with your group, you can just ask your phone for the correct ruling in seconds, get a clear answer, and keep your focus on hitting a great next shot.