The Old Course at St Andrews in Scotland is widely recognized as the official birthplace of golf. While other rudimentary stick-and-ball games existed elsewhere, it was on these hallowed linksland that the game as we know it took shape, got its rules, and established the 18-hole standard that defines a round today. This article will walk you through the history of this legendary course, break down its most iconic features from a player's perspective, and explain what makes it such a special pilgrimage for golfers.
Before we go deep on the Old Course, it’s helpful to understand the ground it’s built on. The term ‘links’ comes from an old-Scots word for the rugged, sandy strip of land that “linked” the sea with the more fertile, arable farmland inland. This land was useless for agriculture, it was windswept, sandy, and bumpy, covered in tough grasses like fescue and whin (or gorse), and basically considered common ground for grazing or recreation.
As it turned out, this "useless" land was perfect for golf. Here’s why:
The game wasn’t designed and then a perfect location found, the unique qualities of the Scottish linksland fundamentally shaped how golf was played. It was a game born of its environment.
To call St Andrews old is an understatement. Golf has been played here for over 600 years, long before formal records were consistently kept. While a 1457 Act of the Scottish Parliament famously banned "golfe" because it was distracting men from their archery practice, the first official document confirming play at St Andrews is a charter from 1552. Archbishop John Hamilton granted the locals permission to play on the links, affirming a right they had clearly possessed for a very long time.
For centuries, the layout of the Old Course was quite different. It was a simple out-and-back routing of 22 holes - 11 holes played out to the edge of the Eden Estuary, and the same 11 holes played back in toward the town. The narrow strip of land meant players on different holes often had to share fairways.
Then, in 1764, a pivotal decision was made. Some of the opening and closing holes were deemed too short and were combined into single holes. This reduced the layout from 22 holes down to 18. This pivotal change - making 18 holes the standard - was decided not by some grand committee, but by the practical golfers at St Andrews. Eventually, the entire world of golf would adopt this number as the standard for a "course," and it all started right here.
The Society of St Andrews Golfers was formed in 1754, later becoming The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews (The R&A) in 1834. Over time, The R&A became the governing body for the sport everywhere except the United States and Mexico. They standardized rules, managed championships like The Open, and solidified St Andrews as the spiritual and administrative heart of the game. The iconic gray stone clubhouse, standing sentinel behind the 1st tee and 18th green, is a symbol of this long and storied authority over the game.
It's this combination of natural evolution, player-led decisions, and formal governance that makes St Andrews the undeniable birthplace of modern golf.
Playing the Old Course is like stepping into a living museum where you can hit shots over features you’ve only seen on TV. As a coach, I tell people not to be intimidated, but to understand and respect these features. Here are the giants of the Old Course.
It’s just a small stone bridge, a Roman-era arch designed for shepherds, but it’s arguably the most famous bridge in golf. When you cross it on the final hole, you're walking in the footsteps of every legend from Old Tom Morris to Tiger Woods. It symbolizes the end of the journey. A quick tip: If you're there for the picture, pause on the top. The classic photo is taken from behind you, facing the R&A clubhouse and the town. Don’t rush it, soak in the moment.
This is one of the most feared - and famous - holes in golf. Everything about it is awkward. The tee shot must dare to fly over the corner of the Old Course Hotel (or a replica of the old railway sheds). From there, your approach is to a long, narrow green that is violently protected. To the front left is the dreaded Road Hole Bunker, a deep, revetted pot bunker so difficult that the pros aim to go absolutely nowhere near it. To the back and right is an actual paved road, and beyond that, an ancient stone wall. A ball on the road is in play, but requires an incredibly delicate touch.
Coach’s advice for amateurs: Forget about par. The smart play is to aim well left of the bunker on your second shot, even if it leaves you off the green. A bogey 5 here is a fantastic score and feels like a birdie anywhere else. The goal is to avoid the big number, and the big number lives in that bunker and on that road.
The 18th hole at St Andrews, named "Tom Morris," looks simple - a wide-open, short par-4. But its main defense is a massive swale, or "Valley of Sin," that carves into the front portion of the green. If your tee shot is too cautious and you leave your approach short, you could find yourself with a long, uphill putt or a tricky chip out of this deep hollow. It has produced incredible drama in countless Open Championships, as a straightforward birdie can suddenly become a challenging par in the literal blink of an eye.
A feature unique to St Andrews is its seven massive double greens. These huge putting surfaces each serve two different holes - one on the way out and one on the way back. For example, the 5th and 13th holes share a green, as do the 7th and 11th. This means you might face a putt of 150 feet or more! It introduces a different kind of putting skill, where lag putting - getting the speed right - is far more important than just break. Always check which flag is yours. They are colour coded for the front nine versus the back nine.
The most wonderful thing about the "birthplace of golf" is its enduring public nature. Unlike many of the world's top courses, the Old Course at St Andrews is public. Getting a tee time can be tricky, but it's not impossible. You can enter the daily "ballot" (a lottery), book an advance package, or, if you’re a lone golfer, simply show up early and wait your turn. The experience of teeing off in full view of the town, R&A clubhouse, and tourists is unlike anything else in golf.
And on Sundays, the course closes. Not for maintenance, but for the community. It reverts to a public park, where students, families, and tourists can walk the fairways, have a picnic in the Valley of Sin, and get a feel for the hallowed ground without a club in hand. It’s a beautiful tradition that reminds everyone that this place, the home of golf, belongs to the people.
The Old Course at St Andrews is the birthplace of golf not just because it’s old, but because it’s where the very fabric of the game - from the number of holes to the rules that govern them - was woven. Its history is palpable on every tee, and walking its fairways is a pilgrimage every golfer should try to make at least once.
That feeling of having an expert guide you, like a St Andrews caddie demystifying the course, is the kind of confidence we want every golfer to experience on every round. That's why we created Caddie AI, your personal golf coach and on-course strategist. You get instant, smart advice on how to play a hole, help with club selection, or you can even snap a photo of a tricky lie in the rough to find out the best way to play it. We believe having that expert knowledge in your pocket helps you play with more clarity and enjoy the game more, no matter where you are.
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